1.?Contrastive Analysis (for error prediction)

(1)?Intro

①?Contrastive Analysis covers many areas including SLA

②?2 aspects

1)?psychological aspect: based on behaviorist learning theory

2)?linguistic aspect: based on structuralist linguistics

(2)?The psychological aspect of Contrastive Analysis

①?Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis

1)?Strong form: all L2 errors are interference errors can be predicted by identifying the differences of L1 and L2

2)?Weak form: not all errors are the result of interference thus contrastive analysis is diagnostic and needs to work with Error Analysis

②?de facto contrastive analysis

1)?a pseudo procedure to hypothesize that the errors are interference errors

2)?because: strong form is proven to be wrong and weak form is unnecessary

③?Psychological aspect

1)?the conditions under which interference takes place

a.?variable 1: setting

a)?naturalistic SLA: the chance of extensive and intensive contacts with TL

b)?classroom SLA: strengthened proactive inhibition for ss use L1 between classes

b.?variable 2: the learner’s stage of development

a)?elementary ss: transfer

b)?intermediate ss: overgeneralization of TL rules

2)?psychological aspects is supplement to linguistic aspects but lack a well-developed psychological theory

(3)?The linguistic aspect of Contrastive Analysis

①?model of structuralist linguistics

1)?structural linguistics: detailed “scientific description”?of languages based on a description of the different categories that make up the patterns of a language

2)?Contrastive Analysis: the differences among languages

3)?Chomsky’s theory of grammar: How can an effective comparison be executed if languages do not have any categories in common

②?contrastive studies

1)?surface structure characteristics (structuralist)

2)?procedure

a.?description: formal description of the two languages

b.?selection: entire subsystems or areas(error analysis→difficulty)

c.?comparison: difference and similarity

d.?prediction: areas that are likely to cause errors

3)??degrees of similarity and difference

a.?No difference

b.?Convergent phenomena: two items in L1 → one item in L2

c.?An item in L1 is absent in L2

d.?Difference of item distribution in L1 and L2

e.?No similarity

f.?Divergent phenomena: one item in L1 → two items in L2

4)?linguistic differences & learning difficulty

a.?hierarchy of difficulty: 難度從a到f

b.?psychological considerations

5)?areas

a.?phonological systems → “foreign”accent (most)

b.?contrastive syntax → Contrastive Structure Series (some)

c.?vocabulary and culture (few)

(4)?Conclusion

①?the major problems:

the relationship between the psychological and the linguistic aspects of Contrastive Analysis

1)?the accuracy of prediction will be in doubt

2)?the hierarchy of difficulty will be inadequate

②?test out theory by examining the language that learners produce