回顧問(wèn)題不定期更新 Study Questions are Made by Prof. Cruz & Prof. Moore from Oberlin College & Conservatory?

????Lecture 30: Sensory - Photoreception

????Lecture 31: Nervous System

Lecture?30 Questions:

1. What does sensory transduction mean?

2. What are rods and cones (define)? How do they differ??

3. Explain how a mutation in one of the photopsin genes would cause color blindness.?

4. How are the discs in the outer segment of a cone cell similar to the thylakoid stacks in chloroplasts??

5. A rod or cone cell has an ‘input end’ (where a stimulus is received or generated). Is this ‘input end’ the outer segment or the inner segment? Explain.?

6. What causes rhodopsin (the light-sensitive pigment in rod cells) to undergo a conformational change? What is the consequence for the rod cell of this change? What changes in vision would be caused by these changes??

7. What is the so-called “dark current”? Why is it called that??

8. What is the role of conformational change in light perception by rods (and also cones, actually)??

9. What is the role of cGMP-gated Na+ channels in the rod cell (note that cGMP is a ligand, as in “l(fā)igand-gated”!)??

10. What do corrective lenses do for nearsighted persons??

11. Why are a) binocular vision and b) two foveas useful adaptations for predators??

12. Why is a tapetum lucidum useful for nocturnal animals?

Lecture 31: Nervous System Questions:

1. How does a neuronal cell (or neuron) differ from a glial cell??

2. Why is a neuron said to be polarized in both a) anatomy and b) physiology??

3. What is myelin? Describe its composition, formation and function.?

4. What are Nodes of Ranvier??

5. What is the difference between dendrites and terminal arborizations??

6. What is an axon?

7. Differentiate between the members of each pair below:?

a) resting potential and threshold potential?

b) depolarization and hyperpolarization?

c) voltage-gated and ligand-gated Na+ channels?

d) K+ leak channel and constitutively open K+ channel?

8. Why is the membrane potential called the “resting” potential? What is its magnitude, and why is it negative??

9. What is the important role that the Na+/K+ ATPase plays in maintaining the membrane or resting potential??

10. What two forces (of physics) dictate that Na+ ions will enter a cell? that K+ will exit a cell??

11. Why can’t most negatively charged particles or molecules in a cell simply diffuse out until the membrane potential is 0 millivolts??

12. Draw the basic diagram of an action potential, keeping in mind that all action potentials are the same in magnitude and temporal dimensions. In your diagram, label the various parts of the curve and identify the membrane proteins (channels and pumps) responsible for each part of the curve. Be sure to label each axis of your graph.?

13. Compare two neurons, A and B, with similar dimensions, except that A has an axon 4 times longer than B. Which neuron can transmit an action potential faster ? Explain.?

14. Compare two neurons, C and D, where C is myelinated and transmits an AP train 6 times faster than D. How many Nodes of Ranvier does Neuron C have if Neuron D generates 36 APs to get from the hillock to the terminals? Explain your answer.?

15. Explain the role of the voltage-gated Ca++ channels (in transmitting an electrical signal to the postsynaptic membrane) found in the membranes of the axon terminals.

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